The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 was a countrywide non-violent Nonviolent resistance is the practice of achieving socio-political goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, and other methods, without using violence revolution against the British The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a occupation of Egypt Egypt (pronounced /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ; Arabic: مصر Miṣr, pronounced [misˤɾ] ( listen); Egyptian Arabic: Maṣr [ˈmɑsˤɾ]; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, kīmi; Egyptian: Kemet), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Thereby, Egypt is a and Sudan Sudan (Arabic: السودان As Sūdān) is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and in the Arab World, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the. It was carried out by Egyptians Egyptians is the name of the nationality and Mediterranean North African ethnic group native to Egypt and Sudanese Sudan (Arabic: السودان As Sūdān) is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and in the Arab World, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the from different walks of life in the wake of the British-ordered exile of revolutionary leader Saad Zaghlul Saad Zaghloul (1859-August 23, 1927) was an Egyptian political figure. He served as prime minister of Egypt from 26 January 1924 to 24 November 1924 and other members of the Wafd Party in 1919. The event led to Britain's recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922, and the implementation of a new constitution in 1923 The 1923 Constitution was a previous working constitution of Egypt during the period 1923-1952. It was replaced by the 1930 Constitution for a 5-year period before being restored in 1935. It adopted the parliamentary representative system based on separation of and cooperation among authorities. The Parliament of Egypt was bicameral system made up. Britain, however, refused to recognise full Egyptian sovereignty over Sudan, or to withdraw its forces from the Suez Canal Zone The Suez Canal is a canal in Egypt. Opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa or carrying goods overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. The northern terminus is Port Said, with the southern terminus being near Suez. Ismailia is located halfway between Port Said and, factors that would continue to sour Anglo-Egyptian relations in the decades leading up to the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , also known as the July 23 Revolution, began with a military coup d'état that took place on July 23, 1952 by a group of young army officers who named themselves "The Free Officers Movement". The revolution was initially aimed at overthrowing King Farouk I. However, the movement had more political.
The Revolution is considered to be one of the earliest successful implementations of non-violent civil disobedience Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. It is one of the primary methods of nonviolent resistance. In its most nonviolent form it could be said that it is compassion in the form of respectful disagreement. One of its earliest massive in the world, and has been followed immediately by similar actions in the Indian independence movement The term Indian independence movement encompasses a wide spectrum of political organizations, philosophies, and movements which had the common aim of ending British colonial authority in South Asia. The term incorporates various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts of both nonviolent and militant philosophy led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, pronounced [moːɦənˈdaːs kəɾəmˈtʂənd ˈɡaːndʱiː] ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of satyagraha—resistance to.
Some of the most impressive cases of nonviolent resistance has come in North Africa. The 1919 revolution in Egypt consisted of months of civil disobedience against the British occupation, centered in Cairo and Alexandria, and strikes by students and lawyers, as well as postal, telegraph, tram and railway workers, and, eventually Egyptian government personnel. The result of this nonviolent movement was the British recognition of limited Egyptian independence.[1]
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Background
Shortly after the First World War World War I was a military conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918 and involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies against the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 15 million people were armistice An armistice is a situation in a war where the warring parties agree to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, but may be just a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from the Latin arma, meaning weapons and statium, meaning a stopping of November 11 was concluded in Europe Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression), and the Black Sea to the southeast. Europe is bordered, a delegation of Egyptian nationalist activists led by Saad Zaghlul made a request to High Commissioner Reginald Wingate to end the British Protectorate in Egypt and gain Egyptian representation at the next peace conference in Paris Paris (pronounced /ˈpærɪs/ in English, [paʁi] in French) is the capital and primate city of France and the country's most populous city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (also known as the "Paris Region"; French: Région parisienne). The city of Paris, within its. Meanwhile, a mass movement for the full independence of Egypt and Sudan was being organized at a grassroots level, using the tactics of civil disobedience Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. It is one of the primary methods of nonviolent resistance. In its most nonviolent form it could be said that it is compassion in the form of respectful disagreement. One of its earliest massive. By then, Zaghlul and the Wafd had enjoyed massive support among the Egyptian people.[2] Wafdist emissaries went into towns and villages to collect signatures authorizing the movement's leaders to petition for the complete independence of the country.
Seeing the popular support that the Wafd leaders enjoyed, and fearing social unrest, the British in March 1919 proceeded to arrest Zaghlul and two other movement leaders and exiled them to Malta Malta /ˈmɔːltə/ , officially the Republic of Malta (Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta), is a developed southern European country and consists of an archipelago situated centrally in the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km north-east of Tunisia, with Gibraltar 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria 1,510 km to the east. "The result was revolution," according to noted professor of Egyptian history James Jankowski.[3]
Events
On March 8, 1919, the Revolution broke out after the British authorities arrested Zaghlul and his associates and exiled them to Malta. For several weeks until April, demonstrations and strikes across Egypt by students, civil servants, merchants, peasants, workers, and religious leaders became such a daily occurrence that normal life was brought to a halt. This mass movement was characterised by the participation of both men and women, and by spanning the religious divide between Muslim and Christian Egyptians[4] The uprising in the Egyptian countryside was more violent, involving attacks on British military installations, civilian facilities and personnel. The revolts forced London London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom. It is the UK's largest and most populous metropolitan area and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures to issue a unilateral declaration of Egyptian independence on February 22, 1922.
The Wafd Party drafted a new constitution in 1923 The 1923 Constitution was a previous working constitution of Egypt during the period 1923-1952. It was replaced by the 1930 Constitution for a 5-year period before being restored in 1935. It adopted the parliamentary representative system based on separation of and cooperation among authorities. The Parliament of Egypt was bicameral system made up based on a parliamentary A parliamentary system is a system of government where in the ministers of the executive branch are drawn from the legislature, and are accountable to that body, such that the executive and legislative branches are intertwined. In such a system, the head of government is both de facto chief executive and chief legislator representative system. Egyptian independence at this stage was provisional, as British forces continued to be physically present on Egyptian soil. Moreover, Britain's recognition of Egyptian independence directly excluded Sudan, which continued to be administered as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium Anglo-Egyptian Sudan referred to the manner by which Sudan was administered between 1899 and 1956, when it was a condominium of Egypt and the United Kingdom. Saad Zaghlul became the first popularly-elected Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. By the end of the actions, 800 Egyptians were dead, and 1,600 others were wounded.[5]
In Popular Culture
Aspects of the Revolution are depicted in Naguib Mahfouz Naguib Mahfouz (December 11, 1911 – August 30, 2006) was an Egyptian novelist who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature. He is regarded as one of the first contemporary writers of Arabic literature, along with Tawfiq el-Hakim, to explore themes of existentialism. He published over 50 novels, over 350 short stories, dozens of movie scripts and's novel "Palace Walk".
See also
- Saad Zaghlul Saad Zaghloul (1859-August 23, 1927) was an Egyptian political figure. He served as prime minister of Egypt from 26 January 1924 to 24 November 1924
- Wafd Party
- Egyptian Revolution of 1952 The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , also known as the July 23 Revolution, began with a military coup d'état that took place on July 23, 1952 by a group of young army officers who named themselves "The Free Officers Movement". The revolution was initially aimed at overthrowing King Farouk I. However, the movement had more political
- History of modern Egypt The History of modern Egypt conventionally begins from 1882 when Egypt became part of the British sphere of influence in the region, a situation that conflicted with Egypt's position as part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1914, the country became a British protectorate and achieved independence in 1922. British troops remained in the country until 1956
Notes
- ^ Zunes, 1999, p. 42
- ^ Vatikitotis 1992, p. 267
- ^ 2000, p. 112
- ^ Jankowski, op cit.
- ^ NY Times. 1919
Further reading
- Jankowski, James (2000). Egypt: A Short History. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
- Vatikiotis, P.J. (1992). The History of Modern Egypt (4th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.
- "800 natives dead in Egypt's rising; 1,600 wounded", New York Times, July 25, 1919, http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B17F83D5C147A93C7AB178CD85F4D8185F9
- Zunes, Stephen (1999). Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective. Blackwell Publishing.
Categories: Conflicts in 1919 | History of Egypt (1900-present) | Egyptian revolutions | 1919 in Egypt
China Worker
National chauvinism and fierce anti-communism were the basic foundations of the German Nazi party, which was founded in January 1919 . ...
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unknown
Sun, 28 Jan 2007 01:20:47 GM
his first novel was published in 1939 and ten more were written before the . egyptian revolution. of july 1952. the appearance of the cairo triology in 1957 made him famous throughout the arab world as a depictor of traditional urban life. ...
