The Dominion of Pakistan was a federal country in South Asia South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities , also includes the adjoining countries on the west and the east. Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian Plate, which rises above sea level as the Indian subcontinent south of the that was established in 1947 as a result of the partition The Partition of India (Hindi: भारत का विभाजन , Urdu: ہندوستان کی تقسیم Hindustān kī Taqsīm) was the partition of British India on the basis of religious demographics that led to the creation, on 14 August 1947 and 15 August 1947, respectively, of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan (later of British India The British Raj is the name given to the period of British colonial rule in South Asia between 1858 and 1947; it can also refer to the dominion itself, and even the region under the rule. The region, commonly called India in contemporary usage, included areas directly administered by Britain, as well as the princely states ruled by individual into two sovereign dominions A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of semi-autonomous polities that were nominally under British sovereignty, constituting the British Empire and British Commonwealth, from the late 19th century. They have included Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa, and the Irish Free State. After 1948, the term was used: the Union of India The Union of India, sometimes also known as the Dominion of India, was an independent state congruent to modern-day India that existed between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950. Although succeeded by the Republic of India, the term "Union of India" is still used by the Indian judicial system to refer to the Indian government (as opposed and the Dominion of Pakistan. The Dominion of Pakistan, which included modern-day Pakistan Pakistan (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪsˈtaːn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, and India in the and Bangladesh Bangladesh (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ, pronounced /bæŋgləˈdɛʃ/; Bangladesh), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Banglādeśh) is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma, was intended to be a homeland for the Muslims A Muslim or Moslem is an adherent of the religion of Islam. Literally, the word means "one who submits (to God)". Muslim is the participle of the same verb of which Islam is the infinitive. All Muslims observe Sunnah, but differences in the definition of what is and what is not Sunnah has led to the emergence of sectarian movements.[ of the Indian sub-continent. The Dominion of Pakistan became the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Pakistan (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪsˈtaːn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, and India in the in 1956, and the People's Republic of Bangladesh Bangladesh (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ, pronounced /bæŋgləˈdɛʃ/; Bangladesh), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Banglādeśh) is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma became an independent state in 1971.
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Formation
The Dominion of Pakistan was formed on 14 August 1947 by the Indian Independence Act 1947 The Indian Independence Act 1947 was the statute enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom promulgating the partition of India and the independence of the dominions of Pakistan and India. The Act received royal assent on July 18, 1947, which created the independent dominions A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of semi-autonomous polities that were nominally under British sovereignty, constituting the British Empire and British Commonwealth, from the late 19th century. They have included Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa, and the Irish Free State. After 1948, the term was used of Pakistan and the Union of India The Union of India, sometimes also known as the Dominion of India, was an independent state congruent to modern-day India that existed between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950. Although succeeded by the Republic of India, the term "Union of India" is still used by the Indian judicial system to refer to the Indian government (as opposed and received Royal Assent The granting of Royal Assent is the formal method by which a constitutional monarch completes the legislative process of lawmaking by formally assenting to an Act of Parliament. While the power to withhold Royal Assent was once exercised often, it is exceedingly rare in the modern, democratic political atmosphere that has developed since the 18th on 18 July 1947.
The monarch of Pakistan was represented by the Governor-General The Governor-General of Pakistan was the resident representative of King George VI in Pakistan from 1947 to 1952 and then Queen Elizabeth II from 1952 until 1956 when Pakistan was proclaimed a republic, who was uniquely not a ceremonial figure, having very strong executive powers. The first Governor-General of Pakistan was Mohammed Ali Jinnah, President of the Muslim League The All-India Muslim League , founded at Dacca (now Dhaka), Bengal, in 1906, was a political party in British India that played a role in the Indian independence movement and developed into the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state on the Indian subcontinent. After the independence of India and Pakistan, the League. After the British granted independence to the dominions in India in mid-August 1947, the two nations joined the British Commonwealth The Commonwealth of Nations, normally referred to as the Commonwealth and previously as the British Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-four independent member states. All but two of these countries were formerly part of the British Empire as self-governing dominions.
The partition entailed an exodus of millions of Muslims from various parts of India to Pakistan and the exodus of non-Muslims from the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan to India. On "the sub-continent as a whole, some 14 million people left their homes and set out by every means possible — by air, train, and road, in cars and lorries, in buses and bullock carts, but most of all on foot — to seek refuge with their own kind."[1]
Territory
Main article: Partition of India The Partition of India (Hindi: भारत का विभाजन , Urdu: ہندوستان کی تقسیم Hindustān kī Taqsīm) was the partition of British India on the basis of religious demographics that led to the creation, on 14 August 1947 and 15 August 1947, respectively, of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan (laterThe Dominion of Pakistan was a federation of five regions or Provinces A province is a territorial unit, almost always an administrative division, within a country or state: East Bengal East Bengal was a province in the Dominion of Pakistan, and was in existence from August 15, 1947 to October 14, 1955. It came into being after the partition of Bengal in 1947. It has the same boundaries as erstwhile East Pakistan and the nation of Bangladesh and borders the Indian states of West Bengal, Meghalaya, Assam, Tripura and Mizoram (later to become Bangladesh Bangladesh (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ, pronounced /bæŋgləˈdɛʃ/; Bangladesh), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Banglādeśh) is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma), West Punjab The Punjab (Gurumukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬ, Shahmukhi: پنجاب: Punjab.ogg ) is a province of Pakistan. It is the country's most populous region with about 56% of Pakistan's total population. The Punjab is home to the Punjabis and various other groups. Neighbouring areas are Sindh to the south, Balochistan and the North-West Frontier Province to, Balochistan Balochistan is the largest province by geographical area of Pakistan, constituting approximately 43% of the total area of Pakistan. At the 1998 census, Balochistan had a population of roughly 6.5 million. Covering a sizable portion of the country, it is Pakistan's largest province, as well as its poorest and least populated, Sindh Sindh is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" (مهران) and "Bab-ul-Islam" (باب الاسلام) The Door to Islam, because Islam in the Indian subcontinent was first introduced from Sindh. Different cultural and ethnic groups also, and the North-West Frontier Province The North-West Frontier Province (Urdu: śhumāl maġribī sarhadī sūbha شمال مغربی سرحدی صوبہ) (other informal names include Sarhad, Frontier Afghania, Pakhtunkhwa, Pashtunistan and Pakhtunistan) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. The majority of the population of the NWFP are Pashtuns, locally referred to as Pakhtuns, (NWFP). In addition, those Princely States A Princely State was a nominally sovereign entity of British rule in India that was not directly administered by the British, but rather by an Indian ruler under a form of indirect rule such as suzerainty or paramountcy. There were as many as 568 states in India before independence.[citation needed] (which were free after the partition to join either country) that were geographically inalienable to Pakistan joined the federation. These included the Princely States of Bhawalpur, Khairpur, Swat, Dir, Hunza, Chitral, Makranand and the Khanate of Kalat. All Provinces had their own Governor A governor is a governing official, usually the executive (at least nominally, to different degrees also politically and administratively) of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, a governor may be the title of each appointed or elected politician who governs a constituent state, who was appointed by the Governor-General of Pakistan, the representative of the British Crown The monarchy of the United Kingdom is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories. The present monarch, Elizabeth II, has reigned since 6 February 1952. She and her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial and representational duties. As a constitutional monarch, the Queen is limited to non-.
Radcliffe Line
Main article: Radcliffe AwardThe controversial Radcliffe Award, not published until 17 August 1947, specified the Radcliffe Line which demarcated the border between India and Pakistan. The Radcliffe Boundary Commission sought to separate the Muslim-majority regions in the northeast and northwest from the rest of India with a Hindu majority. This entailed the partition of two provinces which did not have a uniform majority — Bengal Bengal is a historical and geographical region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent. Today it is mainly divided between the sovereign land of People's Republic of Bangladesh (previously East Bengal / East Pakistan) and the Indian state of West Bengal, although some regions of the previous kingdoms of Bengal (during local monarchical and Punjab The Punjab (pronounced /ˈpʌndʒɑːb/ or /ˈpʌndʒæb/; Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬ, پنجاب, Urdu: پنجاب, Hindi: पंजाब), also spelled Panjab (Persian: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters"), is a cultural region straddling the border between Punjab (Pakistan) and Punjab (India). The so-called "five waters" are. The western part of Punjab became West Punjab West Punjab was a province of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955. The province covered an area of 160,622 km², including much of the current Punjab province and the Islamabad Capital Territory, but excluding the former princely state of Bahawalpur. The capital was the city of Lahore and the province was composed of four divisions . The province was and the eastern part became the Indian state of Punjab Punjab (pronounced /pənˈdʒɑːb/) is a state in northwest India. The Indian state borders the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west, Jammu and Kashmir to the north, Himachal Pradesh to the northeast, Chandigarh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast and Rajasthan to the southwest. The total area of the state is 50,362 square. Bengal was similarly divided into East Bengal East Bengal was a province in the Dominion of Pakistan, and was in existence from August 15, 1947 to October 14, 1955. It came into being after the partition of Bengal in 1947. It has the same boundaries as erstwhile East Pakistan and the nation of Bangladesh and borders the Indian states of West Bengal, Meghalaya, Assam, Tripura and Mizoram (in Pakistan) and West Bengal West Bengal is a state in eastern regions of India and is the nation's fourth most populous. It is also the seventh most populous sub-nationals entity in the world. West Bengal is the third largest contributor to India's GDP. Bangladesh lies on its eastern border. To its northeast lie the states of Assam and Sikkim and the country Bhutan, and to (in India).
Conflicts and disputes
The partition left Punjab The Punjab (pronounced /ˈpʌndʒɑːb/ or /ˈpʌndʒæb/; Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬ, پنجاب, Urdu: پنجاب, Hindi: पंजाब), also spelled Panjab (Persian: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters"), is a cultural region straddling the border between Punjab (Pakistan) and Punjab (India). The so-called "five waters" are and Bengal Bengal is a historical and geographical region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent. Today it is mainly divided between the sovereign land of People's Republic of Bangladesh (previously East Bengal / East Pakistan) and the Indian state of West Bengal, although some regions of the previous kingdoms of Bengal (during local monarchical, two of the biggest provinces, divided between India and Pakistan. In the early days of independence, millions of people migrated across the new border and more than one hundred thousand died in a spate of communal violence.[2] In Punjab alone, "in an area measuring about 200 miles by 150 miles (320×240 km), roughly the size of Scotland, with some 17,000 towns and villages, 5 million Muslims were trekking from east to west, and 5 million Hindus and Sikhs trekking in the opposite direction. Many of them never made it to their destinations."[3] Many of them were slaughtered by an opposing side, some starved or died of exhaustion, while others were afflicted with "cholera, dysentery and all those other diseases that afflict undernourished refugees everywhere".[4] fuelling a violent reaction amongst the populations of the newly founded nations.
Disputes arose over several Princely States A Princely State was a nominally sovereign entity of British rule in India that was not directly administered by the British, but rather by an Indian ruler under a form of indirect rule such as suzerainty or paramountcy. There were as many as 568 states in India before independence.[citation needed] with a Muslim-majority, including Jammu and Kashmir Kashmir is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range.[citation needed] Contemporarily, Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (Jammu,, whose ruler had acceded to India. The Hindu A Hindu ( pronunciation , Devanagari: हिन्दु) is an adherent of Hinduism, a set of religious, philosophical and cultural systems that originated in the Indian subcontinent. The vast body of Hindu scriptures, divided into Śruti ("revealed") and Smriti ("remembered"), lay the foundation of Hindu beliefs, which Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, wanted to remain an independent principality and tried to avoid accession to either country. When British forces withdrew, the Maharaja decided that Kashmir would accede to India, whereupon the Government of India The Government of India, officially known as the Union Government and also known as the Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a union of 28 states and seven union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. It is seated in New Delhi, the capital of India recognized the accession of the erstwhile princely state to India, which they considered the new Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir (Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर; Urdu: جموں اور کشمیر) is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the, and sent Indian troops into the state to defend it against the invading forces. Disputes and territorial conflict led to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was fought between India and Pakistan over the region of Kashmir from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four wars fought between the two newly independent nations. The result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both the countries, which ended with Pakistan gaining control of roughly two-fifth of the state. This portion of the state is called Azad Kashmir Azad Jammu and Kashmir or Azad Kashmir for short (literally, "Free Kashmir"), is the southernmost political entity within the Pakistani-administered part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. It borders the present-day Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir to the east (separated from it by the Line of Control), the (Independent Kashmir), however Indians prefer to call it Pakistan Occupied Kashmir Pakistan administered Kashmir refers to a disputed region between India and Pakistan in South Asia that is under the de facto administration of Pakistan. It borders the Pakistani Punjab and North-West Frontier provinces to the west, the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan to the north west, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of People's Republic of (POK), the rest of Kashmir is referred to as Indian occupied Kashmir (IOK) by Pakistanis.
See also
- Governor-General of Pakistan The Governor-General of Pakistan was the resident representative of King George VI in Pakistan from 1947 to 1952 and then Queen Elizabeth II from 1952 until 1956 when Pakistan was proclaimed a republic
- Republic Day (Pakistan)
References
- Read, A. and Fisher, D. (1997). The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. New York: Norton.
Citations
- ^ Read, p. 497.
- ^ Estimates for the 1947 death toll
- ^ Read, p. 497
- ^ Read, p. 499.
Categories: Former Commonwealth realms | Former monarchies Categories: Former countries by characteristic | Political history | Monarchies | Former polities of the Cold War | Short-lived states Categories: Former countries | Former countries by characteristic | Political history | States and territories established in 1947 States and territories established in the year 1947 | 1956 disestablishments | Partition of India | Commonwealth realms | Former countries in the Middle East | Former countries in South Asia
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Sat, 23 Jan 2010 20:36:37 GM
Its neighbouring count, CanadaCanada historically the . Dominion. of Canada is the second-largest, and northernmost, country in the world. It is a decentralized federation of 10 provinces and 3 territories, governed as a constitutional ...
